ACRONYMS & GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Acronyms

Glossary of Terms

BACK

APPENDIX I

 


ACRONYMS

ADA - Americans with Disabilities Act

ADD - Attention Deficit Disorder

ADHD - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

APA - Alternate Proficiency Assessments

CCCS - Core Curriculum Content Standards

CSPD - Comprehensive System of Personnel Development

CST - Child Study Team

DDD - Division of Developmental Disabilities

DEC - Division of Early Childhood of the Council for Exceptional Children

ESPA - Elementary School Proficiency Assessment

ESY - Extended School Year

EWT - Early Warning Test

FAPE - Free Appropriate Public Education

FERPA - Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act

FT - Basic Flow-Through

GEPA - Grade Eight Proficiency Assessment

HSPA - High School Proficiency Assessment

HSPT - High School Proficiency Test

IDEA - Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

IFSP - Individual Family Service Plan

LD - Learning Disability

LEA - Local Education Agency

LEP - Limited English Proficient

LRE - Least Restrictive Environment

NICHCY/NICCHY - National Information Center for Children and Youth with Handicaps

N.J.A.C. - New Jersey Administrative Code

NJDOE - New Jersey Department of Education

N.J.S.A. - New Jersey Statutes Annotated

OSEP - Office of Special Education Programs

OT - Occupational Therapy

P&A - Protection and Advocacy

PT - Physical Therapy

SAT - Standardized Achievement Test

SE - Supported Employment

SEA - State Education Agency

SPED, SPECED - Special Education

STC - School-to-Career

STW - School-to-Work

UAP - University Affiliated Program

USDOE - United States Department of Education

Top of page


GLOSSARY OF TERMS

A B C D E F G H I J  L M N O P  R S T U

A

Abbott district:  As defined by New Jersey Statutes Annotated (NJSA) 18A:7F-3, means one of the 30 poor urban school districts.  Twenty-eight districts were litigants in the original Abbott v. Burke funding case decided by the New Jersey Supreme Court on June 5, 1990 (119 N.J. 287, 394): Asbury Park, Bridgeton, Burlington, Camden, East Orange, Elizabeth, Garfield, Gloucester, Harrison, Hoboken, Irvington, Jersey City, Keansburg, Long Branch, Millville, New Brunswick, Newark, City of Orange, Passaic, Paterson, Pemberton, Perth Amboy, Phillipsburg, Pleasantville, Trenton, Union, Vineland, and West New York.  Neptune and Plainfield were added in 1999 to bring the total to 30.

academic achievement:  Refers to the level of proficiency in academic subjects such as math and reading.

achievement discrepancy: The difference between a child's performance and his or her measured potential.  The term is used in learning disabilities and generally refers to academic performance lower than expected.

adaptive behavior:  A parameter of classification that refers to one's ability to be socially appropriate and personally responsible.

adaptive physical education:  Physical education modified (adapted) to meet the needs and disabilities of exceptional youngsters.

adult service agencies:  Agencies whose major focus is on providing the necessary services to assist individuals with disabilities to become more independent.

advocacy:  The process of actively speaking out, writing in favor of, supporting, and/or acting on behalf of oneself, another person, or a cause.  Advocacy can be any action to assure the best possible services for or intervention in the service system on behalf of an individual or group.

advocate:  Anyone who speaks or acts on behalf of oneself, another person, or a cause.

age appropriate:  Activities, materials, curriculum, and environment consistent with the chronological age of the child being served.

Alternate Proficiency Assessments (APA):  The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, reauthorized in May 1997, mandates the participation of all students with disabilities in statewide assessments. States must develop and conduct alternate assessments for students who cannot participate in the general state-wide assessments.  As a result, the APA will be used for students with disabilities in the statewide assessment program. 

amendment:   A change made by the LEA to the budget or scope of an approved application for which the LEA has received a Notification of Award.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA):  Federal legislation that gives civil rights protection to individuals with disabilities.  Enacted into law July 1990.

appropriate:  1. Able to meet a need; suitable or fitting.  2. In special education, it can be referred to as the most normal setting possible.  An "appropriate education" would be individual education program specially designed to meet the unique needs of a child who has a disability.

approved program:  As used in the rules pertaining to special education, a written description of a school district's policies and procedures for implementing its special education program that is found by the division to comply with the laws of the state.

assessment: A collecting and bringing together of information about a child's learning needs, which may include social, psychological, and educational evaluations used to determine assignment to special programs or services; a process using observation, testing, and test analysis to determine an individual's strengths and weaknesses to plan, for example, his or her educational services.  Also referred to in some instances as "evaluation."

assessment team: A team of people from different areas of expertise who observe and test a child to determine his or her strengths and weaknesses.

assistive device: Any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially, modified or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of a person with a develop-mental disability.  Examples include visual alerting systems for a person with a hearing impairment, or a braille printer for a person who is blind.

assistive technology: The systematic application of technology, engineering methodologies, or scientific principles to meet the needs of and address the barriers confronted by per-sons with developmental disabilities in areas including education, employment, supported employment, transportation, independent living, and other community living arrangements. This term includes assistive technology devices and assistive technology services.

at risk:   A term used with children who have, or could have, problems with their development that may affect later learning.

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD): A condition characterized by when a person is easily distracted and has difficulty staying focused on an individual activity for any period of time.  The classification of the DSMIII-R System; inattention, and inpulsivity are present before age 7.  ADD affects 3-5% of all students, and is not recognized as a separate category of disability under federal educational legislation (IDEA).  See also "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder," as these terms are often used interchangeably.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A condition in which a child exhibits signs of developmentally inappropriate hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention.  These characteristics are usually present before the age of 7.  ADHD is similar to "Attention Deficit Disorder," except emphasis is placed on the hyperactivity.  Either ADD or ADHD is acceptable language. 

Top of glossary

B

basic-skills approach:  Pertaining to instruction that lays the ground work for further development and higher levels of functioning.

Behavior Management/Modification: To develop, strengthen, maintain, decrease or eliminate behaviors in a planned or systematic way.

Top of glossary

C

carry-over:  IDEA-B funds which the recipient has not obligated by the end of the project period for which the funds were awarded.  These funds remain available for continued use for the expenditures during the next project period.

case management activities:  1. The activities carried out by a service coordinator to assist and enable a child and family to receive the rights, procedural safeguards, and services authorized to be provided.  2. Priority area activities to establish a potentially life-long, goal-oriented process for coordinating the range of assistance needed by persons with developmental disabilities and their families, which is designed to ensure accessibility, continuity of supports and services, and accountability and to ensure that the maximum potential of persons with developmental disabilities for independence, productivity, and integration into the community is attained.

Core Curriculum Content Standards (CCCS):  Standards for the seven academic and five workplace readiness areas adopted by the State Board of Education May 1, 1996 and as, in the future, may be revised by the State Board.  These standards communicate the common expectations for student achievement throughout the 13 years of public education. The standards are articulated in the subject areas of visual and performing arts, comprehensive health/physical education, language arts literacy, mathematics, science, social studies and world languages.  The five cross content areas for workplace readiness are: career planning, use of technology information and other tools, critical thinking/ decision making/problem solving, self-management and safety principles.

Child Find:  A series of public awareness efforts designed to alert the community at-large to the availability of and rationale for early childhood intervention programs and services.  This service is directed by each state's Department of Education for identifying and diagnosing unserved children with disabilities; while Child Find looks for all unserved children, it makes a special effort to identify children from birth to six years old.

Child Study Team (CST): Consists of a school psychologist, a learning disabilities teacher/ consultant, and school social worker who are employees of the school district responsible for conducting evaluations to determine eligibility for special education and related services for students with disabilities.

children with disabilities:  Pupils ages 3 to 21, evaluated and classified in accordance with current regulations.

civil rights:  The rights of a citizen of the United States that deal with the right to due process, informed consent, appeal, petition for change, equal protection under the law, adult patterns of behavior, education, equal opportunity, and opportunities in a least restrictive setting.

cognitive:  A term that describes the process people use for remembering, reasoning, understanding, problem solving, evaluating, and using judgment.  Cognition, more simply, is what a person or child knows and under-stands, or the process of knowing.

cognitive development: The development of skills necessary for understanding and organizing the world, including such perceptual and conceptual skills as discrimination, memory, sequencing, concept formation, generalization, reasoning, and problem solving.

Comprehensive System of Personnel Development (CSPD): Plan developed by districts to ensure an adequate supply of special education, regular education, and related-services personnel.  The district must identify personnel needs and develop strategies to provide in service to ensure that all staff members working with children with disabilities have the skills and knowledge necessary to meet the students' needs.

conservatorship/guardianship: Court-ordered mandate by which an individual or institution is appointed (a) to manage the estate of the person judged incapable (not necessarily incompetent) of caring for his/her own affairs; and/or (b) to be responsible for the care and decisions made on behalf of a person when that individual, again, is determined to be unable to care for herself/ himself.  In some states a guardian assists the person and the conservator assists the estate of the person.

Top of glossary

D

developmental:  Having to do with the steps or stages in growth and development before the age of 18.

developmental age: The actual age score a child receives within a specific developmental area as compared to the chronological age.

developmental assessment:  Standardized tests intended to document the emergence of a sequence of behaviors, skills, or abilities over a period of time.

developmental delay: When a child's development progresses at a slower rate than most children.

disability: 1. A particular act that someone has problems performing, like reading a book, running or dressing, because of an impairment.  A disability is not a handicap unless the individual with a disability must function in a particular activity that is impeded by his or her physical limitation, or because society has said he or she is "unable" to perform activities for which they, in fact, are able to perform.  2. The result of any physical or mental condition that affects or prevents one's ability to develop, achieve, and/or function in educational and social settings within the "normal" rate of growth and development.

disorder: A disturbance in normal functioning (mental, physical or psychological).

distractibility: Attention drawn too frequently to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli.  Example: While being interviewed, a subject's attention is repeatedly drawn to noise from an adjoining office, a book that is on a shelf or the interviewer's school ring.

Division of Early Childhood of the Council for Exceptional Children (DEC): The professional organization for persons serving preschool children with disabilities.

due process:  A legal term referring to an action that protects a person's rights; in special education, this applies to action taken to protect the educational rights of students with disabilities.

Due Process Hearing: A formal legal proceeding presided over by an impartial public official who listens to both sides of the dispute and renders a decision based upon the law.

Top of glossary

E

early intervention programs or services:  Programs or services designed to meet the developmental needs of each eligible infant or toddler and their family under Part C and also to meet the needs of the family as they relate to enhancing the child's development.  Such services are designed to (a) identify, assess, and treat developmental disabilities at the earliest possible time to prevent more serious disability; (b) ensure the maximum growth and development of the child; and to (c) assist families in raising a child with a develop-mental disability.

Early Warning Test (EWT): Administered in grade 8 from 1991-1998 was used as a primary indicator for determining those students who might need instructional intervention in reading, mathematics, and/or writing.  The EWT was intended to give an indication of the progress students were making in mastering the skills they needed to pass the HSPT11.

educable: A level of mental retardation, based on educability expectation, which involves measured intelligence of 55 to about 70, with academic achievement at the second to fifth grade level.  Social adjustment often permits some degree of independence in the community and occupational sufficiency permits partial or total self-support.

education records:  Records directly related to a student and maintained by an educational agency or institution or by a party acting for the agency or institution.

Elementary School Proficiency Assessment (ESPA): Used to determine cumulative achievement of the Core Curriculum Content Standards through fourth grade as measured by the statewide assessment system. 

employability skills: Skills relating to choosing a career, getting and keeping a job, making job and career changes, and career advancement.

employment activities: Priority area activities that will increase the independence, productivity, or integration of a person with developmental disabilities in work settings.

empowerment: The interaction of professionals with families in such a way that families maintain or acquire a sense of control over their family lives and attribute positive changes that result from early intervention to their own strengths, abilities, and actions.

enabling: Creating opportunities and means for families to display their present abilities and competencies and to acquire new ones that are necessary to meet the needs of their children and themselves.

equal access:  1.  The elimination of any barrier that prohibits any child from participating in activities typically engaged in by other children.  2.  As used in vocational education, providing the same opportunity for quality vocational education to include disabled and disadvantaged individuals and other special populations including provisions for recruitment, enrollment in all programs, and placement of these individuals in jobs.

evaluation: As applies to educational settings,   a way of collecting information (includes testing, observations, and parental input) about a student's learning needs, strengths, and interests. The evaluation is part of the process of determining whether a student qualifies for special education programs and services.

Extended School Year (ESY): A term referred to school programs for children with disabilities that extend beyond 180 days, came into wide use in the 1980's with litigation to extend the school year for some children.

Top of glossary

F

Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE): Consists of special education and related services that are provided at public expense under public supervision and direction and without charge; meet state and federal requirements; include preschool, elementary, or secondary school education; and are provided according to an Individualized Education Program.

functional: Represents a skill that is necessary for success in daily functioning, now or in the future.

functional academic curriculum: Curriculum that teaches academic material (reading, math, etc.) with content that is the most commonly relevant and necessary for a person's daily living.

Top of glossary

G

Grade Eight Proficiency Assessment (GEPA): March 1999 marked the first administration of the Grade 8 Proficiency Assessment (GEPA).  The GEPA takes the place of the Grade 8 Early Warning Test, which had been administered to eighth graders since March 1991.  The GEPA is intended to provide information about student progress toward mastery of the skills specified by the Core Curriculum Content Standards in all seven subject areas. 

Top of glossary

H

High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA):  Will replace the HSPT and will be used to determine student achievement of the knowledge and skills specified by all areas of the Core Curriculum Content Standards and Workplace Readiness Standards.  By 2006-7, the HSPA will test all of the standards, and students must pass all sections of the test as one of the requirements for a high school diploma.

High School Proficiency Test (HSPT):  Administered in the fall of the junior year, consists of three sections (reading, mathematics, writing) that students must pass as one of the requirements for a high school diploma.  Students who do not pass all three sections receive additional instruction and are retested on the section or sections they did not pass. 

Top of glossary

I

individual supports: Services, supports, and other assistance that enable persons with developmental disabilities to be independent, productive, and integrated into their communities, and that are designed to:  (A) enable the person to control his or her environment, permitting the most independent life possible, (B) prevent placement into a more restrictive living arrangement than is necessary, and (C) enable the person to live, learn, work and enjoy life in the community.  Individual supports include personal assistance services, assistive technology, vehicular and home modifications, support at work, and transportation.

Individualized Educational Program (IEP): A written education plan for a school-aged child with disabilities developed by a team of professionals (teachers, therapists, etc.) and the child's parents.  IEPs are based on a multidisciplinary evaluation of the child, describes how the child is presently doing, what the child's learning needs are, and what services the child will need.  They are re-viewed and updated yearly.  IEPs are required under Public Law 94-142, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). For children age birth through 2 years, an Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP) is written.

Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP): A plan of intervention for an eligible child (age birth through 2) and his/her family, similar in content to the IEP, which has been developed by a team of people who have worked with the child and family.  IFSPs must contain: statements regarding the child's present development level, strengths, and needs; the family's strengths and needs; major outcomes of the plan, a description of the specific interventions and delivery systems to accomplish outcomes, statement of natural environments, name of service coordinator, dates of initiation and duration of services, dates for evaluation of the plan, and a transition plan.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): The federal statute that mandates a free, appropriate public education (FAPE) for students with disabilities.  In New Jersey, that includes ages three to 21.

Top of glossary

J

jargon: The language professionals use that no one can ever understand.

job coaching:  On the job training provided by a job coach trained in the specific job.

Top of glossary

L

learning disability (LD): A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language, spoken or written, which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations.  The term includes, but is not limited to conditions such as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia.  The term does not include children who have learning problems which are primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities; mental retardation; emotional disturbance; or environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantages.

Least Restrictive Environment (LRE): Sets the standard that, to the maximum extent appropriate, children with disabilities should be educated with children who are not disabled.  It means that special classes, separate schooling, or other removal of children with disabilities from the regular educational environment occur only when the severity of the disability is such that education in regular classes with the use of supplementary aids and services cannot be achieved satisfactorily.

Limited English Proficient (LEP):  Defined in N.J.A.C. 6:31-1.1 as describing pupils whose native language is other than English and who have sufficient difficulty speaking, reading, writing or understanding the English language as measured by an English language proficiency test.  Thus they would be denied the opportunity to learn successfully in class-rooms where the language of instruction is English. 

local education agency (LEA): A school district, board of education, or other public authority under the supervision of a state educational agency having administrative control and direction of public elementary or secondary schools in a city, county, township, school district, or political subdivision in a state, or any other public educational institution or agency having administrative control and direction of a vocational education pro-gram.

Top of glossary

M

mainstream: The usual educational placement of a child.  To mainstream a child is to place him in a general education class or something approaching it, rather than in a self-contained special class.

mainstreaming: The process of integrating children with disabilities into regular educational or social programs, implementing the least restrictive environment concept.  The LRE concept provides for appropriate sup-ports and services to help the child to succeed in the mainstream classroom.

major life activities: Functions such as caring for one's self, performing manual tasks, walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, learning, and working.

monitoring: 1. In general, the function that involves checking a program in process to determine its effectiveness.  2. A requirement of P.L. 94-142 that all school systems receiving federal funds under that Act must undergo external evaluation.

multidisciplinary:  Refers to two or more professionals (educators, psychologists, and others) working together and sharing information in the evaluation, assessment, and development of an IFSP or IEP.

Top of glossary

N

National Information Center for Children and Youth with Handicaps (NICHCY or NICCHY): Free information service that assists parents, educators, caregivers, and others in ensuring that all children and youth with disabilities have an opportunity to reach their full potential.

norm-referenced assessment: Refers to assessment where a person's performance is compared with the average of a larger group.

normal:  A general term applied to behavior or abilities that fall within the average range; that which is considered acceptable, not exceptional.

Top of glossary

O

occupational therapy (OT):  A therapy, treatment, or instructional support provided by an occupational therapist to the child, family, and/or pertinent members of the child's environment.  OT helps develop adaptive or physical skills that will aid in daily living and improve interactions with the physical and social world.  It focuses on developing functional skills related to sensory-motor integration; coordination of movement; fine motor skills; self-help skills (dressing, self-feeding, etc.); adaptive devices/ equipment; computer keyboarding; positioning for school work; and potential work-related activities.

outcome: A desired behavior or skill to be ac-quired as a result of intervention strategies.

outcome-based:  Refers to selection of an intervention based on its results.

Top of glossary

P

parent: A parent, guardian, person acting as a parent of a child, or a surrogate parent who has been appointed in accordance with the law, but not the state if the child is a ward of the state.

people-first language: The respectful way of talking or writing about persons with disabilities in a manner that identifies and emphasizes the "person first" and the disability second.  The use of people first language encourages all references about a person's needs, disabling condition, use of specialized equipment, etc., to follow the reference to the person.  Example: "a cerebral palsied boy confined to a wheelchair" instead of "a boy with cerebral palsy uses a wheelchair."

physical therapy (PT): Instructional support and treatment of physical disabilities provided by a trained physical therapist, under a doctor's prescription, that helps a person improve the use of bones, muscles, joints, and nerves.  It includes the use of massage, exercise, stretching, water, light, heat, and certain forms of electricity, all of which are mechanical rather than medical in nature.  Physical therapy assists in maximizing a person's general fitness, sensorimotor development, neurobehavioral organization, neuroskeletalmuscular function, and cardiopulmonary status.

policy/policies: Rules and regulations; as related to early intervention and special education programs, the rules that a state or local school system has for providing services for and educating its students with special needs.

Protection and Advocacy (P&A):   Nation-wide system to protect and advocate the rights of persons with developmental disabilities. Each state is mandated by Section 113 of the 1975 Develop-mental Disabilities Act to have a protection and advocacy agency.

Top of glossary

R

residential school program: An approved, specialized educational program provided in a facility that a child attends 24 hours a day.

resource room: A room separate from the regular classroom in which children with disabilities can receive specialized assistance to reinforce and supplement the regular class ins-truction.  The amount of time students spend each day in the resource room varies according to individual needs, and the remainder of the day is spent in his or her regular classroom.

Top of glossary

S

School-To-Career (STC): New Jersey's model of the federal School-To-Work Opportunities Act.

School-to-Work (STW): Federal legislation signed into law in 1994 to address the need to develop an educational system that matches students' educational attainment and corresponding skills more closely to job opportunities. It reinforces the need to prepare students with high levels of technical skills and related academic competencies.

State Education Agency (SEA): A state-level entity such as the New Jersey Department of Education authorized under federal law to administer federal funds directed to education in the state.

segregated educational facilities: Educational facilities separate from the mainstream placements of nondisabled youngsters, often termed "special schools."

special education (SPED, Speced): Instruction specifically designed to meet the unique needs of a student with a disability, including classroom instruction, instruction in physical education, home instruction, and instruction in hospitals and institutions.

speech therapist:  Individual trained to work with others in speech improvement and correction. See "speech-language pathologist."

speech-language pathologist: A professional educated in the study of human communication, its development, and its disorders.  They conduct screenings, diagnosis and treatments for people with communication disorders.  The speech pathologist may work with a number of different types of problems, including articulation errors, language deficits, vocabulary, pitch or voice problems, and alter-native communication methods for individuals who are nonverbal.

speech/language therapy: 1. A planned pro-gram to improve and correct speech and/or language or communication problems in people who are not thought to be able to improve without such help.  2. In reference to Part C and early intervention:  instructional support to the child, family, and pertinent members of the child's environment for enhancing the child's production of speech (including developmental prerequisites) and communication skills.

Standardized Achievement Test (SAT):  A measure that is administered and scored by uniform objective procedures and for which norms have been established (prescribed routine to assure that the process is consistent) so the scores of anyone completing the test can be compared to the norms.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale:  A standardized psychological test to assess intelligence.  Performance is based on problem solving and developmental tasks.  Originally the Binet-Simon Scales, were revised and standardized by Lewis Terman at Stanford University.

strengths: The unique internal resources (things) of a family/child that include their capabilities and motivations and will assist in their development:  i.e., stubborn, good gross motor skills, cognitive intactness.

supported employment (SE): Vocational training and ongoing support provided to an individual who is working competitively at an integrated job site in the community.  Supported employment may be provided for someone who has not yet been employed in an integrated setting; or for persons for whom competitive employment has been interrupted or intermittent as a result of a developmental disability, and who because of their disability need on-going support services to perform such work.

systems advocacy: Influencing social and political systems to bring about change for groups of people.  Usually a coalition of people, but sometimes an individual, will seek changes, such as changes in laws, establishing group homes where there have been none, or arranging for the removal of architectural and transportation barriers.

Top of glossary

T

team: Two or more persons who must coordinate with each other in order to get some task done.  They must also interact with and influence each other in order to accomplish that task.

transdisciplinary: Multiple disciplines work together in the initial assessment, but pro-vision of services is provided by one or two team members.

transition: The process of bridging the time and environments between two settings, programs, or life situations (e.g., from home to school, school to school, or from school/ home to employment /independent living).

typical peer: The chronologically aged peers of a child with disabilities who are not identified as disabled.

Top of glossary

U

University Affiliated Program (UAP): Any of the interdisciplinary training centers sponsored by the federal government to demonstrate innovative methods of delivering ser-vices, to train specialists, and to do research in developmental disabilities.  A UAP can be operated by a public or nonprofit private entity, including parents of persons with developmental disabilities, professionals, paraprofessionals, students, and volunteers, which is associated with, or is an integral part of, a college or university.  The UAP in NJ is located in New Brunswick at (732) 235-9320.

Top of page